@article {feurer2017progress, title = {Progress in thin film CIGS photovoltaics{\textendash}Research and development, manufacturing, and applications}, journal = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications}, volume = {25}, year = {2017}, pages = {645{\textendash}667}, author = {Feurer, Thomas and Reinhard, Patrick and Avancini, Enrico and Bissig, Benjamin and L{\"o}ckinger, Johannes and Fuchs, Peter and Carron, Romain and Weiss, Thomas Paul and Perrenoud, Julian and Stutterheim, Stephan and Buecheler, Stephan and Tiwari, Ayodhya N.} } @article {jackson2016effects, title = {Effects of heavy alkali elements in Cu (In, Ga) Se2 solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6\%}, journal = {physica status solidi (RRL){\textendash}Rapid Research Letters}, volume = {10}, year = {2016}, pages = {583{\textendash}586}, author = {Jackson, Philip and Wuerz, Roland and Hariskos, Dimitrios and Lotter, Erwin and Witte, Wolfram and Powalla, Michael} } @article {wang2014device, title = {Device characteristics of CZTSSe thin-film solar cells with 12.6\% efficiency}, journal = {Advanced Energy Materials}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, Wei and Winkler, Mark T and Oki Gunawan and Tayfun Gokmen and Todorov, Teodor K and Zhu, Yu and Mitzi, David B} } @article {powalla2013high, title = {High-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 cells and modules}, journal = {Solar energy materials and solar cells}, volume = {119}, year = {2013}, pages = {51{\textendash}58}, author = {Powalla, Michael and Jackson, Philip and Witte, Wolfram and Hariskos, Dimitrios and Paetel, Stefan and Tschamber, Carsten and Wischmann, Wiltraud} } @article {Richter2012, title = {Improved quantitative description of Auger recombination in crystalline silicon}, journal = {Physical Review B}, volume = {86}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan-10-2012}, abstract = {An accurate quantitative description of the Auger recombination rate in silicon as a function of the dopant density and the carrier injection level is important to understand the physics of this fundamental mechanism and to predict the physical limits to the performance of silicon based devices. Technological progress has permitted a near suppression of competing recombination mechanisms, both in the bulk of the silicon crystal and at the surfaces. This, coupled with advanced characterization techniques, has led to an improved determination of the Auger recombination rate, which is lower than previously thought. In this contribution we present a systematic study of the injection-dependent carrier recombination for a broad range of dopant concentrations of high-purity n-type and p-type silicon wafers passivated with state-of-the-art dielectric layers of aluminum oxide or silicon nitride. Based on these measurements, we develop a general parametrization for intrinsic recombination in crystalline silicon at 300 K consistent with the theory of Coulomb-enhanced Auger and radiative recombination. Based on this improved description we are able to analyze physical aspects of the Auger recombination mechanism such as the Coulomb enhancement.}, issn = {1098-0121}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.86.165202}, author = {Richter, Armin and Stefan W. Glunz and Werner, Florian and Jan Schmidt and Andr{\'e}s Cuevas} } @article {Mitzi2011, title = {The path towards a high-performance solution-processed kesterite solar cell}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {95}, year = {2011}, pages = {1421 - 1436}, abstract = {Despite the promise of thin-film Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) chalcopyrite and CdTe photovoltaic technologies with respect to reducing cost per watt of solar energy conversion, these approaches rely on elements that are either costly and/or rare in the earth{\textquoteright}s crust (e.g., In, Ga, Te) or that present toxicity issues (e.g., Cd), thereby potentially limiting these technologies in terms of future cost reduction and production growth. In order to develop a photovoltaic technology that is truly compatible with terawatt deployment, it is desirable to consider material systems that employ less toxic and lower cost elements, while maintaining the advantages of the chalcopyrite and CdTe materials with respect to appropriate direct band gap tunability over the solar spectrum, high device performance (e.g., \>10\% power conversion efficiency) and compatibility with low-cost manufacturing. In this review, the development of kesterite-based Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin-film solar cells, in which the indium and gallium from \{CIGSSe\} are replaced by the readily available elements zinc and tin, will be reviewed. While vacuum-deposited devices have enabled optimization within the compositional phase space and yielded selenium-free \{CZTS\} device efficiencies of as high as 6.8\%, more recently a liquid-based approach has been described that has enabled deposition of \{CZTSSe\} devices with power conversion efficiency of 9.7\%, bringing the kesterite-based technology into a range of potential commercial interest. Electrical characterization studies on these high-performance \{CZTSSe\} cells reveal some of the key loss mechanisms (e.g., dominant interface recombination, high series resistance and low minority carrier lifetime) that limit the cell performance. Further elucidation of these mechanisms, as well as building an understanding of long-term device stability, are required to help propel this relatively new technology forward.}, keywords = {Solution processing}, issn = {0927-0248}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.11.028}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024810006719}, author = {David B. Mitzi and Oki Gunawan and Teodor K. Todorov and Kejia Wang and Supratik Guha} } @conference {Cousins2010, title = {Gen III: Improved Performance at Lower Cost}, booktitle = {35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference}, year = {2010}, note = {
}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii}, author = {Peter J. Cousins and David D. Smith and Hsin-Chiao Luan and Jane Manning and Tim D. Dennis and Ann Waldhaue and Karen E. Wilson and Gabriel Harley and William P. Mulligan} } @article {Juhaiman2010, title = {Green synthesis of tunable Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 nanoparticles using non-organic solvents}, journal = {Green Chemistry}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan-01-2010}, pages = {1248}, issn = {1463-9262}, doi = {10.1039/c001813a}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c001813a}, author = {Al Juhaiman, Layla and Scoles, Ludmila and Kingston, David and Patarachao, Bussaraporn and Wang, Dashan and Bensebaa, Farid} } @article {Green2010, title = {Solar cell efficiency tables (version 35)}, journal = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {

Compendex

}, pages = {144{\textendash}150}, abstract = {

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 2009 are reviewed. Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

}, keywords = {Conversion efficiency, Energy conversion, solar cells, Solar energy, Solar power generation}, issn = {10627995}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.974}, author = {Martin A Green and Keith Emery and Yoshihiro Hishikawa and Wilhelm Warta} } @proceedings {Takamoto2010, title = {World{\textquoteright}s Highest Efficiency Triple-junction Solar Cells Fabricated by Inverted Layers Transfer Process}, year = {2010}, note = {
}, address = {Honolulu HI, USA}, author = {Takamoto, T. and Agui, T. and Yoshida, A. and Nakaido, K. and Juso, H. and Sasaki, K. and Nakamura, K. and Yamaguchi, H. and Kodama, T. and Washio, H. and Imazumi, M. and Takahashi, M.} } @article {chen2009crystal, title = {Crystal and electronic band structure of Cu2ZnSnX4 (X= S and Se) photovoltaic absorbers: first-principles insights}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {94}, year = {2009}, pages = {41903}, author = {Chen, Shiyou and Gong, XG and Walsh, Aron and Wei, Su-Huai} } @proceedings {Dimroth2009, title = {METAMORPHIC GaInP/GaInAs/Ge TRIPLE-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS WITH > 41 \% EFFICIENCY}, year = {2009}, note = {
}, author = {F. Dimroth and W. Guter and J. Sch{\"o}ne and E. Welser and M. Steiner and E. Oliva and A. Wekkeli and G. Siefer and S.P. Philipps and A.W. Bett} } @article {Wurfel2005, title = {Physics of Solar Cells}, year = {2009}, note = {

1. Problems of the Energy Economy

2. Photons

3. Semiconductors

4. Conversion of Thermal Radiation into Chemical Energy

5. Conversion of Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy

6. Basic Structure of Solar Cells

7. Limitations on Energy Conversion in Solar Cells

8. Concepts for Improving the Efficiency of Solar Cells

9. Prospects for the Future

Solutions

Appendix

References

Index

}, pages = {183}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, edition = {2nd, updated and expanded edition}, address = {M{\"o}rlenbach, Germany}, isbn = {978-3-527-40857-3}, url = {http://www.amazon.com/Physics-Solar-Cells-Principles-Concepts/dp/3527404287}, author = {Peter W{\"u}rfel} } @article {wadia2009, title = {Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Single phase Pyrite FeS 2 Nanocrystals}, journal = {Chemistry of Materials}, volume = {21}, year = {2009}, month = {Feb-07-2010}, pages = {2568 - 2570}, issn = {0897-4756}, doi = {10.1021/cm901273v}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm901273vhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cm901273v}, author = {Wadia, Cyrus and Wu, Yue and Gul, Sheraz and Volkman, Steven K. and Guo, Jinghua and Alivisatos, A. Paul} } @article {Wenham2007, title = {Applied Photovoltaics}, year = {2007}, note = {

Introduction

1. The Characteristics of Sunlight

2. Semiconductors and P-N Junctions

3. The Behavior of Solar Cells

4. Cell Properties and Design

5. PV Cell Interconnection and Module Fabrication

6. Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System Components

7. Designing Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems

8. Specific Purpose Photovoltaic Applications

9. Remote Area Power Supply Systems

10. Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

11. Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Components

12. PV Water Pumping System Design

Appendicies

Index

}, pages = {317}, publisher = {Earthscan}, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {
}, isbn = {1-84407-401-3}, url = {http://www.amazon.com/Applied-Photovoltaics-Stuart-R-Wenham/dp/1844074013/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&s=books\&qid=1279558328\&sr=8-1}, author = {Wenham, S.R. and Martin A Green and Watt, M. E. and R. Corkish} } @article {rieder2007, title = {Arsenic in iron disulfides in a brown coal from the North Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic}, journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology}, volume = {71}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan-07-2007}, pages = {115 - 121}, issn = {01665162}, doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2006.07.003}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166516206001480http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0166516206001480?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0166516206001480?httpAccept=text/plain}, author = {Rieder, Milan and Crelling, John C. and {\v S}ustai, Ond{\v r}ej and Dr{\'a}bek, Milan and Weiss, Zden{\v e}k and Klementov{\'a}, Mariana} } @conference {bunea_low_2006, title = {Low Light Performance of Mono-Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells}, booktitle = {4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {1312{\textendash}1314}, address = {Waikoloa, HI}, doi = {10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279655}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4059885\&tag=1}, author = {Gabriela Bunea and Karen Wilson and Yevgeny Meydbray and Matthew Campbell and Denis De Ceuster} } @article {Anandan2005, title = {Room temperature growth of CuO nanorod arrays on copper and their application as a cathode in dye-sensitized solar cells}, journal = {Materials Chemistry and Physics}, volume = {93}, year = {2005}, month = {Jan-09-2005}, pages = {35 - 40}, issn = {02540584}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.02.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0254058405001197}, author = {Anandan, Sambandam and Wen, Xiaogang and Yang, Shihe} } @proceedings {Honsberg2003, title = {Dependence of aluminium alloying on solar cell processing conditions}, year = {2003}, note = {
}, author = {Christiana B Honsberg and Anwar, K.K. and Mehrvarz, H.R. and Cotter, J.E. and Wenham, S.R.} } @article {Imai2003, title = {Electronic structures of semiconducting alkaline-earth metal silicides}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, volume = {358}, year = {2003}, month = {Jan-08-2003}, pages = {257 - 263}, issn = {09258388}, doi = {10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00037-9}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925838803000379}, author = {Imai, Yoji and Watanabe, Akio and Mukaida, Masakazu} } @article {wooster1953, title = {Physical properties and atomic arrangements in crystals}, journal = {Reports on Progress in Physics}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, month = {May-08-2002}, pages = {62 - 82}, issn = {00344885}, doi = {10.1088/0034-4885/16/1/302}, url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0034-4885/16/i=1/a=302?key=crossref.19db72555e28e5cd250540ab6a946500}, author = {Wooster, W A} } @article {Zhao2001, title = {24.5\% efficiency PERT silicon solar cells on SEH MCZ substrates and cell performance on other SEH CZ and FZ substrates}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {66}, year = {2001}, note = {
}, pages = {27 - 36}, issn = {09270248}, doi = {10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00155-0}, author = {Zhao, J. and Aihua Wang and Martin A Green} } @article {Glunz2001, title = {Degradation of carrier lifetime in Cz silicon solar cells}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {65}, number = {1-4}, year = {2001}, note = {
}, pages = {219 - 229}, keywords = {Defects}, issn = {0927-0248}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00098-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V51-419BGN3-11/2/7ba9d473113c89089b6e79c1cd46775f}, author = {Stefan W. Glunz and S. Rein and W. Warta and J. Knobloch and W. Wettling} } @article {wei1999effects, title = {Effects of Na on the electrical and structural properties of CuInSe2}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physics}, volume = {85}, year = {1999}, pages = {7214{\textendash}7218}, author = {Wei, Su-Huai and Zhang, SB and Zunger, Alex} } @proceedings {Zhao1998, title = {19.8\% Efficient Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Honeycomb Textured Front Surface}, year = {1998}, note = {
}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, author = {Zhao, J. and Wang, A. and Martin A Green} } @article {Zhao1991, title = {19.8\% efficient \"honeycomb\" textured multicrystalline and 24.4\% monocrystalline silicon solar cells}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {73}, number = {14}, year = {1998}, pages = {1991-1993}, publisher = {AIP}, keywords = {elemental semiconductors, SILICON, solar cells, surface texture}, doi = {10.1063/1.122345}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/73/1991/1}, author = {Jianhua Zhao and Aihua Wang and Martin A Green and Francesca Ferrazza} } @article {Zhao1997, title = {20,000 PERL silicon cells for the "1996 World Solar Challenge" solar car race}, journal = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications}, volume = {5}, year = {1997}, note = {
}, pages = {269{\textendash}276}, author = {Zhao, J. and Wang, A. and Yun, F. and Zhang, G. and Roche, D.M. and Wenham, S.R. and Martin A Green} } @conference {friedlmeier1997heterojunctions, title = {Heterojunctions based on Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films}, booktitle = {14th European PVSEC}, year = {1997}, author = {Friedlmeier, Th Magorian and Wieser, N and Walter, Th and Dittrich, H and Schock, HW} } @article {Lew1994, title = {CVD routes to titanium disulfide films}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {6}, year = {1994}, month = {Jan-03-1994}, pages = {237 - 239}, issn = {0935-9648}, doi = {10.1002/(ISSN)1521-409510.1002/adma.v6:310.1002/adma.19940060313}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/adma.19940060313}, author = {Lewkebandara, T.S. and Winter, Charles H.} } @conference {Pu1994, title = {Investigation on SnS film by RF sputtering for photovoltaic application}, booktitle = {1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion - WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC)}, year = {1994}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Waikoloa, HI, USA}, doi = {10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519977}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=519977}, author = {Wei Guang-Pu and Zhang Zhi-Lin and Zhao Wei-Ming and Gao Xiang-Hong and Chen Wei-Qun and Tanamura, H. and Yamaguchi, M. and Noguchi, H. and Nagatomo, T. and Omoto, O.} } @conference {Aberle1993, title = {A New Method for the Accurate Measurements of the Lumped Series Resistance of Solar Cells}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference}, year = {1993}, address = {Louisville, KY}, author = {Armin G Aberle and Wenham, S.R. and Martin A Green} } @article {Willeke1992, title = {A simple and effective light trapping technique for polycrystalline silicon solar cells}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {345 - 356}, issn = {0927-0248}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/0927-0248(92)90054-S}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V51-47XG9S8-45/2/acfac830ed036bd52484e2951d6f9c51}, author = {G. Willeke and H. Nussbaumer and H. Bender and E. Bucher} } @proceedings {Wohlgemuth1991, title = {Buried contact concentrator solar cells}, volume = {1}, year = {1991}, note = {
}, pages = {273-277}, author = {Wohlgemuth, J.H. and Narayanan, S.} } @proceedings {Wenger1991, title = {Decline of the Carrisa Plains PV Power Plant: The Impact of Concentrating Sunlight on Flat Plates}, year = {1991}, note = {
}, pages = {586-592}, address = {Las Vegas, USA}, author = {Wenger, H.J. and Schaefer, J. and Rosenthal, A. and Hammond, B. and Schlueter, L.} } @proceedings {Zhao1991, title = {Improvements in Silicon Solar Cell Performance}, year = {1991}, note = {
}, pages = {399-402}, author = {Zhao, J. and Wang A. and Dai, X. and Martin A Green and Wenham, S.R.} } @proceedings {Narayanan1990, title = {18\% efficient polycrystalline silicon solar cells}, volume = {1}, year = {1990}, note = {
}, pages = {678-680}, author = {Narayanan, S. and Zolper, J. and Yun, F. and Wenham, S.R. and A. B. Sproul and Chong,C.M. and Martin A Green} } @article {Wang1990, title = {Minority-carrier transport parameters in n-type silicon}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices}, volume = {37}, year = {1990}, note = {
}, pages = {1314 - 1322}, issn = {00189383}, doi = {10.1109/16.108194}, author = {Wang, C.H. and Misiakos, K. and Neugroschel, A.} } @article {Zolper1989, title = {16.7\% efficient, laser textured, buried contact polycrystalline silicon solar cell}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {55}, number = {22}, year = {1989}, pages = {2363}, issn = {00036951}, doi = {10.1063/1.102019}, url = {http://apl.aip.org/applab/v55/i22/p2363_s1}, author = {John C. Zolper and Srinivasamohan Narayanan and Stuart R. Wenham and Martin A Green} } @booklet {Wenham1988, title = {Buried contact solar cell}, number = {4726850}, year = {1988}, note = {
}, month = {February}, url = {http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4726850.html}, author = {Stuart R. Wenham and Martin A Green} } @book {Hu1983, title = {Solar Cells: From Basic to Advanced Systems}, year = {1983}, note = {
}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Hu, C and White, R.M.} } @article {jones1976, title = {The electrical properties of zinc selenide}, journal = {Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, volume = {9}, year = {1976}, month = {Jan-04-1976}, pages = {799 - 810}, issn = {0022-3727}, doi = {10.1088/0022-3727/9/5/013}, url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0022-3727/9/i=5/a=013?key=crossref.d0fe6103237fcfbfd2221126652bc33b}, author = {Jones, G and Woods, J} } @proceedings {Wolf1976, title = {Historical Development of Solar Cells}, year = {1976}, note = {
}, publisher = {IEEE Press}, author = {M. Wolf} } @article {Wald1975, title = {Bi2S3 as a high Z material for γ-ray detectors}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science}, volume = {22}, year = {1975}, month = {Jan-02-1975}, pages = {246 - 250}, issn = {0018-9499}, doi = {10.1109/TNS.1975.4327646}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=4327646}, author = {Wald, F. V. and Bullitt, J. and Bell, R. O.} } @article {Whittingham1975, title = {Intercalation and lattice expansion in titanium disulfide}, journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics}, volume = {62}, year = {1975}, month = {Jan-01-1975}, pages = {1588}, abstract = {The temperature coefficient of expansion has been measured for the a and c axes of titanium disulfide, and of its intercalates with a metal, lithium, and an organic base, s-collidine. The anisotropy in the expansion coefficients is related to the bonding in the structure.}, issn = {00219606}, doi = {10.1063/1.430581}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/62/1588/1\&Agg=doi}, author = {Stanley M Whittingham and Arthur H Thompson} } @article {wagner1974cuinse2, title = {CuInSe2/CdS heterojunction photovoltaic detectors}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {25}, year = {1974}, pages = {434{\textendash}435}, author = {Wagner, Sigurd and Shay, JL and Migliorato, P and Kasper, HM} } @proceedings {Wang1973, title = {Optimum Design of Anti-reflection coating for silicon solar cells}, year = {1973}, note = {
}, pages = {168-171}, author = {E.Y. Wang and F.T.S. Yu and V.L. Sims and E.W. Brandhorst and J.D. Broder} } @book {Wyckoff1963, title = {Crystal Structures 1}, series = {Crystal Structures}, volume = {1}, year = {1963}, publisher = {Interscience Publishers}, organization = {Interscience Publishers}, edition = {2nd}, address = { New York, New York}, url = {http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/AMC_text_files/13434_amc.txt}, author = {Ralph W G Wyckoff} } @article {Wolf1963, title = {Series Resistance Effects on Solar Cell Measurements}, journal = {Advanced Energy Conversion}, volume = {3}, year = {1963}, author = {M. Wolf and H. Rauschenbach} }